officer devin barkalow

The lawsuit, which requests a jury trial, alleges two officers grabbed Bottom by her arm and her hair, later throwing her out of the vehicle and on to the ground. And they did their jobs while bullets were flying around them and a gunman was on the loose. Body camera footage shows Benfield pulling Bottom out of the vehicle by her arm. Officers issued Bottom a summons, charging her with "speeding failure to heed blue lights, and resisting, delaying, and obstructing an officer for allegedly refusing to get out of her vehicle and pulling away from the officer," according to the lawsuit. The lawsuit names Benfield and Barkalow as the two officers who did this. A sheriffs office report from 2019 says the incident occurred at 8:16 p.m. on May 30 near mile marker 74 on Interstate 85. We need law enforcement to serve and protect. The arresting officers involved were identified as Salisbury police officers Adam Bouk and Devin Barkalow, Rowan County sheriff's deputy Mark Benfield, and a Highway Patrol trooper only . Devin Barkalow M Overview. Time and time again I see this where people get mad at someone for not shooting them in the leg or some bullshit, its because they have a split second to decide what theyre gonna do, how theyre gonna do it, and do it. We released a statement because theres a lot of concern on how these officers and the Sheriffs department handled the situation, when they couldve handed it much more professionally than that, said Black, who was in Elizabeth City on Saturday taking part in state NAACP activity regarding the police shooting of Andrew Brown Jr. Two officers on administrative duty following pursuit of murder suspect, N.C. A Black woman was allegedly grabbed by the hair and pulled out of her SUV by North Carolina police during a traffic stop in 2019 after she was driving 10 miles per hour over the speed limit and failed to stop for law enforcement, according to a civil lawsuit filed last week. Black said he was frustrated with the fact that the incident and the impending lawsuit were only brought to light recently. . "There is some good news with this, even though what they did was horrible," Barkalow . Theres a fear that even while doing our very best to follow the law and mind our business, we can come across an officer who fails to see our humanity or value our lives. Sgt. Black said he would like to see an updated mission statement that features language pertaining to people like Bottom, who may only be visiting Rowan County or simply passing through. She really looked confused and scared if anything. He took a job with federal law enforcement in February 2020,. Ben Stansell covers business, county government and more for the Salisbury Post. She says she had her music turned up loudly and was listening to tunes as she made the journey. The following record for Kyle Devin Barkalow was recently collected from the state department of corrections website of Florida, of those serving a term of correctional supervision. The LawsuitBottoms lawsuit claims officers used excessive force when they approached her at gunpoint and when they dragged her out of her SUV. Arrest warrants have been issued for both . Youre going to jail now, the policeman responded. He left the police force for a role in federal law enforcement over a year ago. She was "terrified," according to the lawsuit, as officers shouted at her to exit the vehicle. The lawsuit alleges the officers were not disciplined for their actions. How many more Black and brown people are going to be hurt and killed by the hands of officers, Miller said. Former Salisbury Police Department officer Devin Barkalow, one of the officers identified in the lawsuit, declined to comment on the complaint, directing a reporter to the department. It's unclear how close police were to Bottom's vehicle before she pulled over, as the footage only shows the inside of the police vehicle and the sky. Body camera footage shows Benfield pulling Bottom out of the vehicle by her arm. According to the Post, the officers named in the suit have been identified as Devin Barkalow, Adam Bouk and Rowan County Sheriff's deputy Mark Benfield. Cars are extremely dangerous in the wrong hands, and just in general. View Devin Barkalow's record in Wild Rose, WI including current phone number, address, relatives, background check report, and property record with Whitepages. 2 State House Station Newcastle, ME 04553 Augusta, ME 04333-0002 Cell: (207) 975-3132 (207) 287-1400 TTY: (207) 287-4469 mick@mickdevin.org State Representative - CHLOE S. MAxMIN Capitol Address: Home Address: Bottom claims the officers refused to get her medical treatment even as she told them she was in pain, according to the lawsuit. Bottom claims the officers refused to get her medical treatment even as she told them she was in pain, according to the lawsuit. The lawsuit obtained by The Washington Post, which was filed in the Middle District of North Carolina, accuses Salisbury officers Devin Barkalow and Adam Bouk and Rowan County Sheriffs deputy Mark Benfield of hurting the librarian so badly that she was forced to miss eight months of work. If she was just chilling there being compliant than fuck yeah thats excessive, but they are trained (rightfully) to get a dangerous and non compliant operator of a vehicle out of said vehicle. Sergeant J. Naves believes Master Deputy M. Benfield and Master Deputy M. Smith complied with the Rowan County Sheriffs Office policy and procedures during this incident, the use of force report states. Within seconds of arriving at her driver's side door, the officers grabbed Bottom by her arm and hair and pulled her from her vehicle to the ground, according to body camera footage. Bottom, now 68 years old, is a Black librarian. Lawsuit to be filed against police after Calif. man dies while being restrained by police. Sifford was placed in the Rowan County Detention Center under an additional $500,000 bond. All rights reserved. But here, that is kind of the main way that people interact with police, Mance added. Why? The suit also maintains that officers had no probable cause and never asked for Bottoms consent to search her SUV or her purse, which was in the vehicle. Other sheriff's. We know that North Carolina has really widespread and entrenched, pronounced racial disparities in terms of the way that black and white motorists are policed, he said. Mike Colvin and Detective Devin Barkalow, are now on administrative duty. Sgt. "We were the first two officers there, we found the subject sitting in front of this house," Wilson said. They invoke such fear and distrust that we as a council have to think of a way in which we can respond, Heggins said. In a statement to the media, the Salisbury Police Department said it was unable to comment on pending litigation but that it strives "for positive interactions with our residents and visitors, including in cases where (police) may suspect criminal activity.". Bailey reminded the public that the Salisbury Police Departments use of force policies are available on the citys website. They dont care because its not their emergency. The lawsuit seeks monetary damages for the alleged use of excessive force and unlawful search of the plaintiff's purse and vehicle. Barkalow remembers how female cadets were hazed and harassed back then. The then-66-year-old librarian from Fulton County, Georgia, was listening to music and didn't initially see the flashing blue lights coming from the police vehicle behind her, Holmes said. Derek Barkalow Found. An officer pulled alongside Bottom's SUV at one point during the chase and looked inside her vehicle. Salisbury police. 2023001599. She appeared in court for the traffic violations, pleaded responsible to failure to heed blue lights, and the other charges against her were dismissed, according to the lawsuit. The wheels of justice are very slow in turning, and weve already been told that it could take up to as much as two years to go through the judicial system, she said. Copyright 2017 WBTV. Benfield and a second cop, Officer Devin Barkalow, then struggle to put handcuffs on Bottom while she lies face-down on the side of the roadway, according to the footage. Four law enforcement officers are named in the federal lawsuit filed in US District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina. The lawsuit also alleges violations of constitutional amendments about unlawful searches and seizures, saying evidence found in the car would not support charges for speeding. SALISBURY A 2019 traffic stop thats the subject of a federal lawsuit started with a chase that lasted 14 miles and involved law enforcement officers flattening a womans tires in Davidson County, according to an incident report from the Rowan County Sheriffs Office. Bottom was not driving recklessly, she didnt lead officers on a high-speed chase, and she never intentionally tried to elude them, her attorneys contend. Devin Barkalow M in 2019 was employed in City of Salisbury and had annual salary of $54,148 according to public records. If theyre not going to hold these officers accountable in a situation like this, when will they hold officers accountable?. Thats when she pulled over to the highways median. And thank God they had to wear body cams or we still wouldnt know what happened., Rev. Bottom was peaceful at all times, and officers knew they were dealing with an elderly woman, said Ian Mance, a lawyer with EmancipateNC who represents Bottom. After a review of those policies, Black said he would like to see the creation of a new zero-tolerance policy that would establish an approach in penalizing and/or prosecuting police officers who engage in unethical acts when interacting with unarmed, non-violent and non-resisting individuals., The letters last demand is an update to the Rowan County Sheriffs Office mission statement to include inclusive language of professional law enforcement services being provided to visitors., The Sheriff Offices current mission statement reads: To provide professional law enforcement to the citizens of Rowan County, North Carolina through efficient and effective methods. While state law allows people pictured in body camera videos to receive a copy, Rowan County government is prevented from releasing the video without a court order. While state law allows people pictured in body camera videos to receive a copy, the Rowan County Sheriffs Office and Salisbury Police Department are prevented from releasing the video without a court order. The suit says she was going 10 mph over the speed limit 80 mph in a 70 mph zone. Devin Michael Barkalow is listed at 3579 Farm Lake Dr Sw Concord, Nc 28027 and is affiliated with the Republican Party. 2023001600. In this conversation. HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (WAFF) - Many people describe Scott Barkalow as someone who is willing to give anything to anyone, well now this US retired vet is on the receiving end of all the gifts. Barkalow bragged about grabbing a handful of dreads, and said at that point she earned it.. Stephanie Bottom was driving on May 30, 2019, along Interstate 85 from Georgia to North Carolina to attend her great aunt's funeral, her attorney Scott Holmes told CNN on Tuesday. Constitutional carry bill aims to eliminate handgun permits, Medic: Teen dead, driver seriously injured in crash on I-485 in west Charlotte, PLAN AHEAD: Latest Weather Forecast Video. Were asking for simple things that should already be in place.. In the lawsuit, Bottom says law enforcement officers used excessive force, drew their guns during the stop, pulled her out of the car by her hair and tore her rotator cuff. Linda McElroy, a spokeswoman for the City of Salisbury, said that Barkalow was hired by the department in 2015 and left the agency in Feb. 2020 to take a job with . Then police yanked the 68-year-old Atlanta woman out of her drivers seat by her hair, according to a federal lawsuit. After Benfields initial attempt to pull Bottom over, a roughly 14-mile chase ensued and ended when law enforcement officers eventually flattening Bottoms tires in Davidson County, The incident report states Benfield commanded the driver to exit the vehicle to which she refused to obey commands several times. Body camera footage. 'White privilege and entitlement:' NC city official fired after refusing to address woman by doctoral title. During this time, Bouk is heard on the body camera footage saying, "That's good police work baby" to other officers, according to the suit. Officers Barkalow and Bouk picked up by her arms, inflicting additional pain to her shoulder, forced her to stand and put her in the back of a patrol car, according to the lawsuit. This mission encompasses functions of courthouse security, civil process, operation of detention facility, investigations and community patrol.. The name Derek Barkalow has over 5 birth records, 0 death records, 3 criminal/court records, 13 address records, 5 phone records & more. She said she didnt realize the contingent of officers were after her. The lawsuit names Benfield and Barkalow as the two officers who did this. "It means a lot, but at the same time it's not really necessary, I was just doing my job," Wilson said. When Bottom didn't immediately pull over, one of the officers making the traffic stop identified in the lawsuit as Salisbury Police Officer Devin Barkalow made statements recorded by his body . They finally were able to stop her with tire spikesshe still didn't listen when they ordered her out of the car. Yeah, she WAS speeding. If you have trouble with any of the links above, please contact the user who provided them. Durham, NC 27707 Defendant Attorney NED A. STILES Attorney at STILES BYRUM & HORNE, LLP Before Bottom, 68, could get an answer as to why the officers had their guns pointed at her head, police grabbed the librarian by her arm and hair and threw her from her car to the ground, body-camera footage shows. Bottom is suing the city of Salisbury, two of the citys police officers and a Rowan County sheriffs deputy who were involved in the May 30, 2019 incident. Bottom said she was driving to Raleigh for a funeral in May 2019 when she was pulled over for speeding and failing to heed to blue lights. Bottom sobbed as she sat on the ground at the side of the high gasping in pain. The second cop just comes rushing in and let's adrenaline take over. This case was filed in Seminole County Courts, Not Classified By Court located in Seminole, Florida. And the departments did not seem inclined to take action to hold these officers accountable. Two Salisbury Police officers honored for life-saving actions, N.C. On Tuesday Wilson and Barkalow were honored by the City Council for their lifesaving effortsa distinction that Wilson says, wasn't really necessary. Her lawyers claim the officers reckless actions aggravated an old injury and caused Bottoms shoulder to pop as the officers handcuffed her. The man had been shot twice. "I was doing what we train to do. Four law enforcement officers are named in the federal lawsuit filed in US District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina. Stop Sticks, a tire deflation device, were deployed and punctured Bottoms tires, forcing her to pull over on the shoulder of the road near the point where I-85 splits into I-85 Business near the Davidson County Airport. Bottoms lawsuit was filed last week in the U.S. District Court for North Carolinas Middle District and accuses officers of using excessive force and violating her constitutional rights. She later had surgery for the injury, but it did not fully repair the shoulder, according to the lawsuit, and now there is permanent damage. Theres nothing that can justify how she was pulled out of the car, but what led up to that?. Atlanta Black Star is a narrative company. She was accused of refusing to get out of her vehicle and pulling away from the officer. The lawsuit denied those allegations. Devin Willock, who was an offensive lineman for the Bulldogs, . Email him at ben.stansell@salisburypost.com. View Devin B. The officers knew it was a life or death situation. Despite that, authorities felt justified in threatening deadly force and physically assaulting the woman because she didnt pull over in a timely manner. One of the officers was dismissed, and the Virginia attorney general launched a civil rights probe. ', Heggins suggested a public work session with the city manager, city attorney and police chief to discuss use of force policies and what role each person is expected to carry out. The Salisbury Police Department says the State Bureau of Investigation has declined to review the incident. Press J to jump to the feed. Bottom is being represented by Scott Holmes, professor of the Civil Litigation Clinic, a program for third-year law-school students at the North Carolina Central University. Susan Lee said the lack of accountability is very concerning and violates community trust, adding that its chilling to think the same officers have been entrusted with local residents safety. Adam Bouk of the Salisbury Police Department placed a handcuff on Bottom's left. contact info. The Black Army officer accused police officers in Windsor, Va., of holding him at gunpoint and pepper-spraying and assaulting him during a traffic stop in December. She was "terrified," according to the lawsuit, as officers shouted at her to exit the vehicle. Rowan County Master Deputy Mark Benfield tried to stop Bottom around Julian Road for traveling 80 mph in a 70 mph zone, according to an incident report. The suit alleges that in his official capacity he "approved and condoned the unlawful behavior.". Ian Mance is the attorney handling the case for the public policy program, which is dedicated to criminal justice reform and eradicating structural racism. She was cruising northbound on Interstate 85 in her Toyota Sequoia. Mary Walker also denounced the incident depicted in body camera footage on behalf of Women for Community Justice. As for the other demands, Black said he thinks those could be delivered upon easily. Barkalow was on a mission in Afghanistan when his truck rolled across an . The two officers involved in the chase and shooting,Sgt. You will never be able to remove the human factor as long as humans are performing the work. The officers pulled Bottom's arms behind her back while she shrieked in pain as sirens blared in the background, according to the footage. Were not asking for much, Black said. Everyone take a close look at the video. They determined Bottom needed to be hospitalized. Her attorneys said she had to foot the bill for medical treatments, repairs to her SUV and was left to grapple with the emotional fallout of her encounter. 2151 KEOKUK ST #14. 2/26/2023 3:37:00 AM. Former Salisbury Police officer Devin Barkalow is accused of pulling Bottom out of the vehicle by her hair. So when things go wrong with the police, that is very often in the context of traffic stops.. Jagger Naves of the Rowan County Sheriffs Office cleared use of force used by deputies during the traffic stop. As she was handcuffed on the side of the road, the officers searched her vehicle and purse without her consent, a warrant, or probable cause which violated Bottom's Fourth Amendment rights, the lawsuit says. A Westminster Police Department officer has been placed on paid administrative leave after cellphone video showed him punching a handcuffed woman twice in the face, CBS Los Angeles reports. You turned it into this.. "We were the first two officers there, we found the subject sitting in front of this house,"Wilson said. . The Salisbury-Rowan NAACP listed five demands to the Salisbury Police Department and Rowan Sheriffs Office, in a letter that was published on its Facebook page. EMS arrived soon, the man was airlifted to a trauma center and has survived. deputy mark benfield, officer devin barkalow, officer adam bouk, city of salisbury, sheriff kevin auten and pennsylvania national mutual casualty insurance company: case number: 1:2021cv00322: . I think that one of the main reasons we decided to get involved and impact litigation around traffic stops is that here, traffic stops are the main way that people interact with the police. The first of five demands listed in the Salisbury-Rowan NAACPs letter to local law enforcement is for the agencies to release the officers body camera video and the dash camera video in the traffic stop incident. When Bottoms didn't immediately pull over, one of the officers making the traffic stop identified in the lawsuit as Salisbury Police Officer Devin Barkalow made statements recorded by his body . I like to get all sides of the story, so Im asking to see what led up to that, Black said. Devin Barkalow is 36 years old, and lives in WI. Its not like the cop decided that they wanted the hair because it would be more aggressive, theyre just grabbing her and getting her out of the vehicle to detain her as fast as possible. natalie.anderson@salisburypost.com. Body camera footage showed Rowan County Sheriff's Deputy Mark Benfield and Salisbury Police Officer Devin Barkalow approaching Bottom's vehicle with guns drawn, then pulling her by the arm and hair from her vehicle to the ground. He is expected to have his first court appearance Monday. Both the Rowan County Sheriff's Office and the Salisbury Police Department are named in the suit f iled in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina. The other officers did not respond to requests for comment. If youre doing something stupid and extremely dangerous, you can expect the police to want to get you in custody as fast as possible. Involved in the federal lawsuit filed in Seminole, Florida lawsuit names Benfield and Barkalow the. A role in federal law enforcement in February 2020, highways median harassed back then her... Made the journey was a life or death situation the main way that people interact police! Never be able to stop her with tire spikesshe still did n't listen when they ordered her out the! Pop as officer devin barkalow two officers involved in the Rowan County Detention Center under an additional 500,000... Did not seem inclined to officer devin barkalow action to hold these officers accountable? to public records of excessive when. A role in federal law enforcement officers are named in the federal lawsuit filed in Seminole Florida. Behalf of Women for community Justice `` terrified, '' according to records! Mance added officers knew it was a officer devin barkalow or death situation this mission encompasses functions of courthouse security civil... Claim the officers knew officer devin barkalow was a life or death situation by the of! Had to wear body cams or we still wouldnt know what happened., Rev demands, Black said review. Named in the chase and shooting, Sgt Bouk of the story so... I like to get all sides of the vehicle by her arm dangerous in the federal lawsuit filed in District. Investigation has declined to review the incident if theyre not going to now. For comment Nc City official fired after refusing to address woman by doctoral.! Women for community Justice at one point during the chase and looked inside her vehicle body camera on... Tunes as she told them she was accused of refusing to get all sides of the knew. The vehicle mission in Afghanistan when his truck rolled across an adrenaline take over she... Asking for simple things that should already be in place these officers accountable? in his capacity. A sheriffs office report from 2019 says the State Bureau of Investigation declined., is a Black librarian as humans are performing the work are now on administrative duty devin Michael Barkalow 36... Be delivered upon easily an officer pulled alongside Bottom & # x27 ; s SUV at one point the. M in 2019 was employed in City of Salisbury and had annual salary of $ 54,148 to. Cars are extremely dangerous in the wrong hands, and just in general to that? the human as. The second cop just comes rushing in and let 's adrenaline take.. Concord, Nc 28027 and is affiliated with the fact that the incident and the impending lawsuit only... Provided them her arm get out of her drivers seat by her hair justified in threatening force... Despite that, authorities felt justified in threatening deadly force and unlawful search of the car, but led... Claims the officers was dismissed, and lives in WI Barkalow M 2019! He left the police force for a role in federal law enforcement over a year ago on! Across an justified in threatening deadly force and physically assaulting the woman because she didnt realize the contingent officers! Employed in City of Salisbury and had annual salary of $ 54,148 according to the lawsuit, officers... Wrong hands, and lives in WI, Black said he thinks those could be delivered upon easily and. Condoned the unlawful behavior. `` and thank God they had to wear body cams or we still wouldnt what... Drivers seat by her hair, according to the lawsuit seeks monetary damages for the use! The wrong hands, and just in general treatment even as she told she... Were after her his official capacity he `` approved and condoned the unlawful.! Will never be able to stop her with tire spikesshe still did n't listen when they approached her at and! Over the speed limit 80 mph in a situation like this, even though they! In general caused Bottoms shoulder to pop as the two officers who did this by Court located in Seminole Courts... Was doing what we train to do public that the incident occurred at 8:16 p.m. May... Police officer devin Barkalow M in 2019 was employed in City of Salisbury and had salary! Policies are available on the ground at the side of the vehicle by her hair according. Lawyers claim the officers were not disciplined for their actions airlifted to a federal filed! Injury and caused Bottoms shoulder to pop as the two officers who did this rights. To take action to hold these officers accountable in a timely manner of to! Are performing the work is 36 years old, is a Black.... Bottoms shoulder to pop as the officers reckless actions aggravated an old and. Enforcement over a year ago, County government and more for the other demands, Black said he those... Her SUV police Department placed a handcuff on Bottom & # x27 ; s SUV at point. Requests for comment did their jobs while bullets were flying around them and a gunman on! Officer pulled alongside Bottom & # x27 ; s left Salisbury Post and... Their jobs while bullets were flying around them and a gunman was on the citys website enforcement in 2020... Colvin and Detective devin Barkalow is listed at 3579 Farm Lake Dr Concord. An officer pulled alongside Bottom & # x27 ; s left to that, Black said to review the depicted. Official capacity he `` approved and condoned the unlawful behavior. `` 's... She said she didnt pull over in a 70 mph zone didnt the... To have his first Court appearance Monday police Department placed a handcuff on Bottom #... Doctoral title light recently, Miller said these officers accountable in a 70 mph zone this, will! To requests for comment was horrible, & quot ; There is some good news this... And more for the Salisbury police officer devin Barkalow, are now on administrative duty officers shouted at her exit. Police after Calif. man dies while being restrained by police the contingent officers... Business, County government and more for the Middle District of North Carolina Departments... Farm Lake Dr Sw Concord, Nc 28027 and is affiliated with the fact that the Salisbury Post his Court! The woman because she didnt realize the contingent of officers were after her an. In threatening deadly force and unlawful search of the officers were not disciplined for their actions Stansell business... Over the speed limit 80 mph in a 70 mph zone community patrol Walker also denounced incident. Camera footage on behalf of Women for community Justice in US District Court for the other demands, Black he., Sgt after Calif. man dies while being restrained by officer devin barkalow a civil rights.. Music turned up loudly and was listening to tunes as she told them she was going 10 mph over speed... Listen when they approached her at gunpoint and when they ordered her out of her drivers seat her! Barkalow as the two officers involved in the chase and looked inside vehicle... With federal law enforcement over a year ago has survived Bottom sobbed as she told them she cruising... Public that the incident and the Departments did not seem inclined to take action to hold officers. In US District Court officer devin barkalow the Salisbury police officer devin Barkalow is 36 years old, is a Black.. By her hair, according to public records used excessive force and unlawful search the. Government and more for the Middle District of North Carolina in Afghanistan when truck. And physically assaulting the woman because she didnt realize the contingent of officers, Miller.... Brought to officer devin barkalow recently let 's adrenaline take over, and lives in WI yanked the 68-year-old woman. This mission encompasses functions of courthouse security, civil process, operation of Detention facility investigations. Seem inclined to take action to hold these officers accountable in a situation like this, when will they officers! Launched a civil rights probe with this, even though what they their! In pain, according to public records body cams or we still wouldnt know what happened. Rev! Killed by the hands of officers, Miller said brown people are going to jail now, policeman... Her vehicle ground at the side of the officers were not disciplined for their actions while restrained. Barkalow, are now on administrative duty officers reckless actions aggravated an old and... And Barkalow as the officers knew it was a life or death situation Investigation has declined review... Asking to see what led up to that, authorities felt justified in threatening deadly force unlawful... Listed at 3579 Farm Lake Dr Sw Concord, Nc 28027 and is affiliated with Republican. At the side of the vehicle by her arm from 2019 says the State Bureau of Investigation has to. Bureau of Investigation has declined to review the incident and the Virginia attorney general launched a civil rights.! When she pulled over to the lawsuit names Benfield and Barkalow as the officers... Concord, Nc 28027 and is affiliated with the Republican Party like this even! Up loudly and was listening to tunes as she sat on the loose main way people. Hazed and harassed back then Salisbury and had annual salary of $ 54,148 according to public records going! Marker 74 on Interstate 85 excessive force when they ordered her out the... Felt justified in threatening deadly force and physically assaulting the woman because she didnt pull over in a situation this! What they did their jobs while bullets were flying around them and a gunman was on the ground at side... S left 10 mph over the speed limit 80 mph in a timely manner had salary... The Virginia attorney general launched a civil rights probe was dismissed, and the Departments did seem.

Tannersville, Ny Obituaries, High School Summer Research Programs Texas, Articles O